With a selection of grate options and systems catering for various installs Allproof is the perfect solution for your unique project. Bronze base flange with o-ring seal for interior pipe fit. It measures 125mm x 1 m. Construction anchors will be fitted to be set into the concrete pour and left protruding into the formed channel when boxing is removed. 0 of Designing Schools in New Zealand – Weathertightness Design Requirements for New School Buildings in September 2020. . The galvanised steel grate as been tested to Australian standards AS3996 for load classes achieving a heavy duty class D. PC Inline Sump 100mm Clear Opening. Special Order. Review Subject. Specific threshold drain to comply with E2 New Zealand Building Code. Channel drain installation could be completed in a few simple steps. Available as a slot drain, with a removable 7 or 9 bar grate or with a tile insert tray. Allproof Industries. Allproof confirms that this minimum level of assurance has been met or exceeded by the following:. Designed and made to all AS/NZ standards and NZBC clause E1. #Allproof #architecture #rainwater #architects #architecturedaily #architecturephotography #nzplumbing #nzarchitecture #architecturenz. Allproof's Sureflow and VRTW roof drains now available with 88° side outlets. This high-grade strip drain is part of Allproof's SL Series. Product Technical Statement: 108007. Explore the efficiency of Zurn's Z899-THR Stainless Trench Drain for superior building drainage. Allproof level threshold systems are designed and made in New Zealand. The channel is available as 100mm or 150mm internal depth and in 1m lengths with stainless steel edge rails providing a clean. Allproof Tile Kit with Stainless Steel Invisi-drain $235. October 2023 Product News. Commercial Point Drains Point drains for all commercial applications- Internal. pdf Drawing: CAD Drawing: 31: SCUPPER 65: 54 x 100mm Scupper Drain. . The FWG provides a tested floor penetration for passive fire protection which is a key feature. Level threshold has been increasing in popularity and over the last 10 years Stormtech has developed a particular expertise in doortrack and threshold drains. 200MM Opening Polymer Concrete Channel. Allproof level threshold products have been used in educational facilities all around. The outlet is 100mm, with an O-ring designed to accommodate the inner diameter of PVC and HDPE drainage pipes. $ 235. However, custom sizes are also available, please see custom tab for relevant forms. All of Allproof's products are designed, developed and manufactured for the plumbing and drainage industry and to the Australia/New Zealand standard AS/NZ 3500. Compatible with TPO, Torch-On and Rubber membranes. A large percentage of Allproof Industries products are manufactured by Allproof and supported by local New Zealand. 80, 100 & 150mm pipe spigot outlets. Roof drains – Cast Iron Roof Drains. Level of assurance needed to demonstrate NZ Building Code ComplianceLevel Threshold - Most widely understood as the term describing an entrance to a building where the external surface level remains the same as the internal finished floor level. Allproof’s 75mm deep Polymer Concrete channel was selected for its low profile and high capacity of stormwater drainage. Touch device users, explore by touch or with. Allproof’s SL Series is a stainless steel slot drain designed for commercial applications. News from Allproof Industries. Level Threshold System for building entrances. Shanley studied a Bachelor of Interior Design at RMIT University and has worked with a number of architecture and design firms including Cox, NH Architecture and VIA Architects. Level threshold channel drain – Perimeter Drain Allproof Industries. By simply butting the L shaped channel up against the exterior footing of the building it creates a. Made from 100% recycled plastic. Channel strip drains and sumps for residential and commercial use including polymer concrete channels, plastic channels, strip drains and slot drains. ACO offers a range of products for stormwater and waste water drainage. The release of the latest assessment report from The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC. With this system, no spacer is necessary to maintain the 12mm distance and the bracket and joinery stay mechanically separated at all times. Linear channel drain at a high end residential project in #Takapuna. We specialise in designing and manufacturing premium quality, durable level threshold drainage systems for. Selecting Local for Low Carbon Design. Plastic pits are NZ-made using 100% recycled materials from local sources. Compare. Many firms were involved in the myriad aspects of its development, including local firm Allproof,. At the main entrance to the dwelling, a level threshold may be desired where the internal surface and external surface are not subjected to a level change. Allproof Industries manufacture a range of shower drain kits designed specifically for these scenarios. Channels are made from polymer concrete and are supplied complete with galvanized steel grates strong enough to withstand regular residential type car/4WD traffic. See more ideas about drainage, fire protection, drainage solutions. At the main entrance to the dwelling a level threshold may be desired where the internal surface and external surface are not subjected to a level change, in this scenario E2/AS2 clause 7. 66mm wide x 120mm Deep From £240. Allproof Industries manufacture a range of shower drain kits designed specifically for these scenarios. UNIQUE LEVEL THRESHOLD DRAIN SYSTEMS. In. Injection moulded from 100% recycled material it provides a environmentally conscious and economic drainage system. Allproof Industries N. 2023 has started with two major weather events in the first two months. 50. Search Result for Surface water above ground » Allproof Perimeter Drain - Level Threshold. In fact, Allproof began its evolution as a manufacturer of drainage products when it started supplying waterproofing products in the 1980s. Allproof Industries N. The Domestic Channel is a strip drain system made for residential use. Allproof were required to design and manufacture grates to accommodate width changes while ensuring compliance with NZBC E2. Level threshold channel drain – Perimeter Drain: Allproof Industries' Perimeter Drain is a level threshold channel drain system that allows for fast, efficient and cost effective installation. Made from 100% recycled plastic. Add products Newsletters Suppliers A-Z. From $235. This system utilises standard off-the-shelf width grates making it possible to keep unity and consistency between differing drainage systems. Additionally, 200mm. The CC300 commercial trench drain is a heavy-duty linear drainage solution for commercial and industrial applications. 2. Roof/Balcony Drainage - Sureflow PVC Roof Drains. 28 June 2021. The ideal choice for modern tile floor wastes in bathrooms and restrooms. Stainless steel shower drain – Elegance Allproof Industries. Vogue Level Threshold 1000mm High Quality 316-Stainless Steel. A stainless-steel shower tray provides an unbeatable waterproof barrier to protect your bathroom or project from. Allproof Perimeter Drain - Level Threshold. E2 Compliant channel system for onsite customisation. NEW. The Allproof Industries Perimeter Drain. LEVEL THRESHOLD Solutions for Doorways and Entrances Modern systems for modern buildings. 3. The exposed stainless is a high polished shower tray made from 316 or 304 stainless steel. Allproof Industries N. See more ideas about drainage, fire protection, drainage solutions. The trench drain comes in 1m lengths with a 200mm clear opening. is a private New Zealand family owned manufacturing, marketing and distribution company specialising in Sanitary Plumbing and Drainage Systems, Fire Protection, Construction Waterproofing and Thermal and Acoustic Insulation Products. The design has been developed to utilise the strength of the surrounding concrete to create a strong durable solution for. It suits concrete, asphalt and paver applications. The stainless steel Vision shower channel is Allproof’s most popular product. Allproof’s Perimeter Drain would be applicable here. Level threshold channel drain. Allproof's Storm Series surface water drains are designed to excel in a range of environments. Allproof's range of premium roof drains, made from cast bronze for a long life span, provide a durable and versatile roof drainage system. The design has been developed to utilise the strength of the surrounding concrete to create a strong durable. The grate is designed to provide a drainage path around the edges while concealing the. By simply butting the L shaped channel up against the exterior footing of the building it creates a surface to pour the concrete up against. com . Allproof Industries is a New Zealand family-owned manufacturing, marketing and distribution company specialising in Plumbing, Drainage Systems and Fire Protection Products. The Allproof Perimeter Drain has been designed to specifically work in level threshold situations. Available in custom lengths or off the shelf sizes. Spigot fits inside pipe riser with O-ring seal for pipe sizes 80mm, 100mm and 150mm. Removable grate for easy down-pipe access without disturbing membrane. 2. The Allproof Commercial Channel is a New Zealand made linear channel drain with a 200mm clear opening. Key Features. Designed for tiled showers and bathrooms, Allproof stainless steel niches provide recessed wall storage for toiletries and accessories. 100. CLEANOUT DRAINS / INSPECTION ACCESS POINTS Allproof manufacture a range of durable cleanouts. This product utilises a 123mm wide grate, this is standard. Ring & dome UV resistant ASA. Designed for standard 2mm thick vinyl. $878. Shop. Slot drains and channel drains are two of the main drainage types available for homes and commercial buildings. The engineered design allows for heavy-duty requirements, and grates have been load-class tested for vehicle traffic. Since opening its doors Commercial Bay has been a key topic of interest in the A&D community earning it a position among the finalists for one of the indust Suitable for concrete finish. Since opening its doors Commercial Bay has been a key topic of interest in the A&D community earning it a position among the finalists for one of the industry’s most prestigious awards. 00 Aquamox Channel Drain Tile Insert Lid - Stainless Steel $301. We love to help with technical questions and provide further product information, however please note that we don’t provide costs direct to the market. The visible area once installed is a 20 mm linear slot with a 15 mm epoxy-filled stainless steel safety edge either side. PC strip drain comes in varying depths from 75mm to 225mm with a clear opening of 100mm. This system utilises standard off-the-shelf width grates making it possible to keep unity and consistency between differing drainage systems within one project. Perimeter Drain. Description. The adjustable bracket system with legs supported on the. pdf Drawing: CAD DrawingMay 6, 2020 - Allproof Perimeter Drain provides an off the shelf level threshold solution that is easy to install on site and fully E2 compliant. 611 followers. Allproof confirms that this minimum level of assurance has been met or exceeded by the following:. Level threshold drainage solution for level access to buildings. This product provides a highly sought after aesthetic finish with off-the-shelf sizes and custom made lengths available, all with a. It includes a drained channel – maximum length of 3,700 mm – across the door opening, with a minimum width of 200 mm and minimum depth of 150 mm with 1:200 minimum fall discharging to the. Allproof manufactures a wide variety of drainage products available in Australia. The channel incorporates an inbuilt slope towards the central outlet to ensure optimal hydraulic performance. 100SSSHDS: 200mm Square/100mm Outlet Polished Stainless Hinged Storm Drain. 1. Especially suitable for roofs and decks. You will be given a 100% match bonus on your first deposit up to a maximum of $100. Trays can be made with a channel drain or point drain (Allproof Trayrite) with wall upstands or hob entry on required sides. Z LTD. The bracket is cast into the slab before the finishing surface is poured. A fully E2 Compliant channel drain. The linear slot eliminates traditional grates that can be weak, trap bacteria and are difficult to clean. Level Threshold Solutions (5) Refine. The Allproof Commercial Channel is a New Zealand made linear channel drain with a 200mm clear opening. The bracket is cast into the slab before the finishing surface is poured. Talk to us about how this product can create a fully compliant and easy to install solution for your project. 5) towards a shower channel you will allow 20mm for the channel and then 20mm/metre for falls. Ultimate 200 System - A strong rigid drainage system for use in home and office areas where vehicles commonly traffic. The large diameter flange provides ample surface area for bonding roofing membranes. 00. Shanley Heffernan. VIEW BACKING ROD AND SLEEVE. The floor waste shall comply with NZBC Clause G13 however a graded floor is not essential in this situation. The Allproof shower drain floor waste range also includes the stylish Kaiteri shower grate design and the trendy Wakatipu linear shower grate design. Allproof Industries. The stainless steel Vision shower channel is Allproof’s most popular product. Shower screen support and drain – 120SCS Stormtech. Continuing with our focus on locally made and environmentally friendly production techniques, Allproof industries have again met market demands with the release of our locally designed and made 200mm clear opening drainage channel moulded from 100% recycled plastic. Vision shower channel kits include a choice of stainless steel grate and channel, a VF80 leak control flange and floor waste gully. 6. The Allproof Industries Perimeter Drain is an ‘off the shelf’ level threshold product that removes the process of boxing out and measuring. Floor waste gully traps also available. 2. The Perimeter Drain system creates a 200mm wide x 180mm high channel during the external concrete pour as per E2's requirements. In this video, we will show you how to properly install drainage and thresholds in your home. The Perimeter Drain provides. Derrimut. Robust large diameter cast bronze flange with o-ring seal and clamp ring. Level Threshold System for building entrances. $131. Next pour half a cup of baking soda down the drain. Related products. This product utilises a 123mm wide grate, this is standard from our existing. The 100mm clear opening stormwater channel comes in different depths and joining channels allowing for infinite run lengths with the use. All exposed stainless trays come with a polystyrene base engineered to cater for fall, this adds structural integrity to it removing flex while not being too hard underfoot. Allproof’s roof drains have been hydraulically tested using an independent NATA accredited laboratory to maintain integrity in published testing data. A rubber spacer is used to. Description. Compliant with E1/AS1 clause 3. 66mm wide x 120mm Deep From £240. All pits are designed to exceed New Zealand building standards and regulations. The Allproof Elegance range provides a clean, low-maintenance bathroom drainage solution. Allproof Industries. Level Threshold System for building entrances. Level threshold drainage solution for level access to buildings. The Threaded Leg system features adjustable rods with plastic feet that allow the installer to match any undulations in the formed channel with ease. Allproof Industries' Perimeter Drain is a level threshold channel drain system that allows for fast, efficient and cost effective installation. A fully E2 Compliant channel drain. The Cantilever Bracket by Allproof Industries is a linear threshold drain creating a drainage channel for surface water at entrances and around joinery. Plastic pits are NZ-made using 100% recycled materials from local sources. The Vision channel can also be customised. Allproof Perimeter Drain - Level Threshold. Harbour Hospice has utilised Perimeter Drain for slip-resistant level threshold and vinyl floor wastes for hygienic and accessible wet rooms as well as in the kitchen facility. May 6, 2020 - AUT city centre campus used Allproof drainage systems in their latest development. Simply butting the L-shaped channel up against the exterior footing of the building creates a surface to pour the concrete against. By integrating the 88-degree outlet within the drain body it can reduce the overall depth by up to 100mm, which in. Easy install rubber gasket seal for Ø100mm pipe on 350 x 350 pits. ACO Gully. An example is Allproof Industries Perimeter Drain, an L shaped channel that can be installed directly against the foundation slab. The Threaded Leg system features adjustable rods with plastic feet that allow the installer to match any undulations in the formed channel with ease. We have placed ourselves at the forefront of design, quality and service for the construction industry with high levels of communication with other leaders in the industry. The Allproof Perimeter Drain has been designed to specifically work in level threshold situations. 00 Aquatica Kmercial Basin Waste and Plug 32mm Chrome. Allproof Industries. 23. . Available in custom lengths or off the shelf sizes. Domestic Channel Inline Sump & Grate. Our linear drainage provides a uniform plain of fall for surface water removal, allowing the use of larger format, luxury tiles. Sep 10, 2021 - Explore Allproof Industries's board "Allproof Products" on Pinterest. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. These features ensure excellent protection from leaks and high drainage performance. From $235. Grate designs compliment Allproof’s Vision and SC linear shower channel range. Tropical Cyclone Gabrielle recorded 300-400mm of rainfall and Auckland received over 45% of its annual rainfall in just the month of January. The system features a closed sleeve for straight through levels and an open sleeve for levels where the surface drainage needs to be allowed to feed into the downpipe. Masterspec gives solutions for commercial, industrial, residential, engineering, interiors and landscape projects. . Laundry outlet box Allproof Industries. It collects stormwater from outside spaces and. The clamp ring mechanically secures the roof membrane, grate is. pdf. Shop linear shower channel drains, grates, pop up bath & basin wastes & more online, or at your local Plumbing Plus. Cast Iron Roof Drains from Allproof are an economic solution for durable and long lasting roof drainage. Z LTD. Grate sizes 100mm, 150mm, 200mm and 300mm. Level threshold channel drain – Perimeter Drain. Pinterest. The release of the latest assessment report from The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC. Small Diameter Bronze Roof Drain. Each trench drain channel features a 15mm epoxy-filled safety edge and anti-float tags. Allproof Revolver Tile Waste Kit - Kaiteri Stainless Steel. Allproof PC with cast iron grate) would allow the water to drain. Harbour Hospice has utilised Perimeter Drain for slip-resistant level threshold and vinyl floor wastes for hygienic and accessible wet rooms as well as in the kitchen facility. 00. ACO BuildLine is a range of drainage products designed to protect the building from stormwater at or around the building line from the ground level up to the roofline. 07 Excl. pdf Drawing: CAD Drawing: 32: SCUPPER 100: 100 x 100mm Scupper Drain. The small-diameter bronze roof drain comes with a variety of grate options including dome, overflow and. Reln Stretch Drain 8m Solid (4) $81. UNIQUE LEVEL THRESHOLD DRAIN SYSTEMS. Eight grate designs provide a wide. Tropical Cyclone Gabrielle recorded 300-400mm of rainfall and Auckland received over 45% of its annual rainfall in just the month of January. 00. Allproof Industries manufacture a range of shower drain kits designed specifically for these scenarios. By simply butting the L shaped channel up against the exterior footing of the building it creates a surface to pour the concrete up against. PC Clamp. Flat-roof drain – Sureflow Allproof Industries. Designed to be installed in tiled floors and showers, the grate is compatible with Allproof puddle flanges and gully traps. Level Threshold System for building entrances. Allproof Industries N. The grate provides a narrow gap around the channel to allow for drainage. It allows modern. All our products are designed, developed and manufactured for the Plumbing and Drainage industry and to the Australia/New Zealand standard AS/NZ 3500. Stainless Modular Strip Drain System The MC Series is a modular channel drain with sump available in standard sizes creating a system that’s easy to assemble to the needs of specific projects. Allproof Industries’ Perimeter Drain was selected as the ideal solution. This creates a highly durable drain with extremely low permeability making it the perfect solution for commercial applications. Be sure to remove the insert used in concrete installation once the concrete has fully set to ensure optimal drainage. Humes Channel MeaDrain 150 Technical Sheet . DC is made from 100% recycled polypropylene, collected from post-consumer sources. View. From $1,062. Various sizes and grate options to meet your needs. Marley 110mm x 30m Drainflo Corrugated Drainage Pipe Smooth Unpunched (0) $450. The Allproof Industries Perimeter Drain is an ‘off the shelf’ level threshold product that removes the process of boxing out and measuring. All pits are designed to exceed New Zealand building standards and regulations. Mechanical clamping system for vinyl flooring. Base manufactured from PVC. General purpose floor and roof waste gullies for building drainage. 2. The SL series visible area once installed is a 20mm linear slot with a 15mm. Injection moulded from 100% recycled material, it provides an environmentally conscious and economical drainage system. Allproof's Vision series of stainless steel channel drains has a centre outlet and a choice of five grate designs, including Sunrise. Waterproofing — Damp proof membranes should be draped up the door or window frame system at the point of the threshold. Allproof is a family-owned and operated company established over 30 years ago and draws on the family’s heritage in the plumbing and drainage industry dating back to 1926. Elevate the aesthetics of your bathroom with the Vision Series by Allproof. Level Threshold System for building entrances. The design has been developed to utilise the strength of the surrounding concrete to create a strong durable solution…. Level threshold channel drain – Cantilever Bracket Allproof Industries. The bracket is cast into the slab before the finishing surface is poured. Allproof Perimeter Drain - Level Threshold. ACO Drain is the market-leading brand for drainage solutions due to its comprehensive and diverse range of products. Allproof Industries have used polymers to supplement cement as the binder material, resulting in a strip or slot drain that will last for years. Modular strip drain – MC Series Allproof Industries. Domestic Channel & Grate 75mm x 1m. The Allproof Industries Perimeter Drain is an off-the-shelf level threshold product that removes the process of boxing out and measuring. Shop the range of premium floor shower grates & floor wastes by Meir. It works well as a driveway drain, around property perimeters, pavements, patios, gardens, and retaining walls. These systems include internal floor drains with a puddle flange and gully traps such as linear shower channels for bathroom drainage, stainless steel shower trays, vinyl floor clamping drains, stormwater trench drains, roof and balcony drains, commercial kitchens and point drains as well as a wide variety of PVC. Allproof. Allproof's exposed SS tray is an ideal solution for the project due to its floor waste gully system. In this scenario E2/AS2 clause 7. Allproof’s range of NZ-made roof drain outlets with bases, grates and clamp rings are made from a range of materials. Level Threshold. 66mm wide x 120mm Deep From £240. All products. The Vision series is available in four stock lengths: 800, 900, 1000 and 1200mm. Our threshold drainage systems create a separation between the internal floor and external floor allowing for high-capacity drainage while maintaining a level surface. 6. 100mm Cast Bronze 90° Outlet Domed Overflow Roof Drain with Clamp Ring. The Allproof Industries Perimeter Drain is an ‘off the shelf’ level threshold product that removes the process of boxing out and measuring. The Threaded Leg system features adjustable rods with plastic feet that allow the installer to match any undulations in the formed channel with ease. Masterspec gives solutions for commercial, industrial, residential, engineering, interiors and landscape projects. The first Betbig Dollar Casino welcome bonus is 200% up to $200. Base manufactured from PVC. A tile-over stainless shower tray would be considered a “Preformed Shower Base” (AS 3740-2010; 3. AS3996:2019 Access Covers and Grates outlines the requirements for grate load class. This product utilises a 123mm wide grate, this is standard. The DC trench drain is compatible with various surfaces like pavers, tiles, concrete, and tarmac. Allproof Industries’ Perimeter Drain was selected as the ideal solution. By Allproof. Invisidrain. Drain systems and other products for home and garden. nz. Level threshold drainage solution for level access to buildings. An example is Allproof Industries Perimeter Drain, an L shaped channel that can be installed directly against the foundation slab. Flush-finished clamp ring with the membrane. Allproof Perimeter Drain - Level Threshold. Z LTD. Especially suitable for roofs and decks. The overall size provides a high level of. Simply butting the L-shaped channel up against the exterior footing of the building creates a surface against which to pour the concrete. 92. . 168. Available as both a roof drain and overflow. The document states “three-sided pre-formed channel systems are prohibited,” meaning Allproof’s Perimeter Drain is the solution. The Threaded Leg system features adjustable rods with plastic feet that allow the installer to match any undulations in the formed channel with ease. To either side of the threshold, the damp proof course should be minimum of 150mm above ground level. New Zealand Building code E2/AS1 stipulates the requirements of drainage around level threshold situations and must be adhered to. 300mm sediment catchment. Available in stock or custom lengths and…Surface water drains made from cast 316 stainless steel or bronze. This document is aimed at architects and designers by outlining the acceptable details for weathertightness around level threshold access. Product Technical Statement: 108007. Storm Series Stormwater Drain. The Cast-In Cantilever Bracket system is a design that can be used when a permanent mounting option is desired. Features a clear opening of 300mm providing a heavy-duty and large capacity drainage solution for industrial and commercial applications. This creates a sturdy solution for commercial trench drainage applications. The main purpose of surface drainage systems is to remove excess water from landscapes and driveways. HARD-WEARING VINYL FLOOR WASTES & PUDDLE FLANGE As specialist suppliers to the commercial plumbing and drainage industries, Allproof distributes a premium range of interior floor wastes for vinyl floors, including channels, puddle flanges, kits and grate options. PCRISER66. 00 GBP Shop THRESHOLD DRAINAGE Aquabocci design and manufacture the most. 100mm pipe outlet pre-marked on 350 x 350 pits. 105. The Allproof Industries Perimeter Drain is an ‘off the shelf’ level threshold product that removes the process of boxing out and measuring. Threshold ›. Compare. Slot Series. Level Threshold System for building entrances. 14. . Allproof Vision shower channels have an excellent service history being selected for high-end residential projects, 5* hotels and premium apartment complexes. COMPLETE AUSTRALIAN BALCONY & ROOF DRAINAGE SOLUTIONS Allproof has built a strong reputation for both innovation in design and for manufacturing excellence, with an excellent range of premium quality balcony and roof drains as well as rainwater drainage systems providing high-performing solutions. By simply butting the L shaped channel up against the exterior footing of the building it creates a surface to pour the concrete up against. This fixing system also means a spacer is not required to maintain the 12mm distance and the bracket and joinery. . Our Level Threshold brochure outlines the range of products we offer and advises on what factors you will have to consider when selecting your system. Quick and easy clip together system. Level of assurance needed to demonstrate NZ Building Code ComplianceThe Domestic Channel by Allproof is a strip drain system made for residential use. Small Diameter Roof Drains. The Vision channel can also be customised. By simply butting. Humes - Allproof Round Plastic Pits DP350X700RS Brochure . Aluminium linear grate – Wave Grate Stormtech. This stainless steel linear channel drainage system not only promises elegance but…80, 100 & 150mm pipe spigot outlets 100mm x 88º outlet ideal for shallow roof cavities Solvent cement straight onto the pipe Compatible with torch-on membranes Especially suitable for roofs and decks Base manufactured from uPVC Available both as a drain and overflow Available with flat and dome grates Interchangeable rings and grates Stainless. the Perimeter Drain.